Santoninum sant.

Santonin

Is the active principle of Santonica, the unexpanded flower heads of Artemisia Maritima-Cina, which see.

The eye symptoms and those of the urinary tract are most prominent. It is of unquestioned value in the treatment of worm diseases, as gastro-intestinal irritation, itching of nose, restless sleep, twitching of muscles. Ascaris lumbricoides, and thread worms, but not tapeworms. Night cough of children. Chronic cystitis. Laryngeal crises and lightning pains of tabes.

Occipital headache, with chromatic hallucinations. Itching of nose. Bores into nostrils.

Sudden dimness of sight. Color blindness; Xanthopsia. Strabismus due to worms. Dark rings about eyes.

Fetid breath, depraved appetite; thirsty. Tongue deep-red. Grinding of teeth. Nausea; better after eating. Choking feeling.

Urine greenish if acid and reddish purple if alkaline. Incontinence and dysuria. Enuresis. Feeling of fullness of bladder. Nephritis.

Compare: Cina; Teucr; Napth; Nat phos; Spigel.

Second to third trituration. Lower preparations are often toxic. Do not give to a child with fever or constipation.

Santonine. A neutral active principle obtained from Cina (so-called "Semen Cinæ"). C 15 H 18 O 3 . (Colourless, lustrous, right rhombic prisms, odourless, and of a bitter taste. Become yellow by exposure to sunlight. Almost insoluble in cold, somewhat soluble in boiling water; fairly soluble in chloroform, boiling rectified spirit, and in strong acetic acid, volatile oils, warm olive oil.) Trituration.

Amblyopia . Cataract. Convulsions. Cough. Cystitis, chronic. Diarrhœa. Dysuria. Eyes, paralysis of. Enteralgia. Enteritis. Enuresis. Epilepsy. Epistaxis. Gastro-enteritis. Giant urticaria. Hæmoglobinuria. Hemiplegia (l.). Infantile remittents. Strangury. Tetanus. Urination, frequent. Urticaria. Vision, yellow. Vomiting. Worms.

Santonin . is the favourite anthelmintic of the old school, and it is chiefly against lumbrici that it has been given. From 2 to 5 grains are the ordinary doses, but these have caused severe and, in one or two instances, fatal poisoning — convulsions, left-side paralysis, delirium, vomiting, and purging have resulted. A case recorded by Demme was quoted in Brit. Med. J ., March 26, 1892: A boy, 3, was given by his mother during three days fifteen tablets, each containing gr. 1/3 of Santonin . The symptoms produced were: Vomiting, dilatation of the pupils, collapse, cyanosis, dyspnœa, and finally convulsions. After a warm bath with cold affusions to head and spine, consciousness returned. The temperature was 103.5°, epistaxis and hæmoglobinuria occurred, and a scarlatina-like eruption was noticed. The child ultimately recovered. After a dose of 7 centigrammes, a child, 2, was seized with prostration, convulsions, cramps, and icterus, followed on the third day by salivation and ulceration of the gum ( Bull. Ther. Jan . 30, 1872). Less serious but very characteristic are the effects on the senses, especially the sense of sight. Visions of figures have been produced, and coloured vision is a frequent phenomenon, even when the lower triturations have been used. Yellow is the predominant colour, but green and violet vision are also marked. The urine also is yellow coloured and stains yellow, and is passed with much urging and painful burning. A kind of giant urticaria occurred in one case. Hale records that Sant . has cured cases of "nervous blindness." It was given to an old man, quite blind, for worms, and his sight partially returned. This led to further trials. It was given in nine cases of cataract, and, according to Hale, four were cured, the rest not benefited. Hale mentions enuresis, strangury, chronic cystitis, as having been cured by it. It has made some "brilliant cures" of chronic catarrh of the bladder. Infantile remittents, with or without worms, have been cured by it. In one prover there was "sensitiveness of the abdomen," which may be a keynote.

Compare: Cina. Coloured vision, Cycl. Amaurosis, Benz. dinit., Carb. sul.

Delirium. — Excited, laughs and sings. — Hysterical. — Restless, irritable; wants everything, satisfied with nothing. — Profound and unusual depression, with irresolution and want of confidence, unfitting him for work of any kind; melancholia like that produced by jaundice. — Coma.

Vertigo. — Giddiness and intense headaches, every object looks bright green. — Head turning and twisting, restless. — Dulness of head. — Pain in forehead.

Blue rings round eyes. — Eyes: rolled convulsively; distorted; staring. — Pressure in supra-orbital region. — Pressure in eyes. — Pupils enormously dilated; and insensible. — Photophobia and lachrymation. — Flickering before eyes. — Objects seem to totter and dance; visions of figures, cherries, animals, &c. — Coloured vision: yellow soup looks red; blue evening sky looks green; objects look green; white looks yellow; objects as if in yellow haze or yellow light; violet.

Hallucinations of smell. — Things smell peculiar. — Epistaxis.

Convulsive movements of muscles of face, esp. lips and lids. — Face pinched, drawing in of lips over teeth with pinched expression of mouth and nose. — Red, hot face, staring eyes. — Face pale. — Pale round mouth, < afternoon. — One cheek white, the other (l.) red (remains red several days). — Swelling beginning under chin, spreads each way, esp. towards l. parotid gland. — Lips swollen to enormous size, glistening with the distension.

Grating teeth during sleep. — Teeth clenched.

Tongue: deep red; dry. — Frothing from mouth. — Burning pains apparently torment her, as she forces everything into her mouth. — Hallucinations of taste.

The glands of neck, parotid and submaxillary, commenced swelling in about five days, and continued to increase till the throat was so filled as nearly to prevent swallowing (fatal effect of gr. vi. in a child of three).

Deficient appetite. — Thirst: intense; continual for icecold water, which she swallowed greedily. — Frequent eructations. — Nausea; and vomiting. — Vomiting: and purging with severe abdominal pains; yellowish, slimy mucus from 11 p.m. till next forenoon. — One night, after eating a teaspoonful of nourishment, he choked and threw up a teacupful of blood and pus and died without a struggle. — Dull pair in pit of stomach.

Abdomen: bruised but soft; hot, full; rumbling in; very sensitive. — Severe abdominal pains with vomiting and purging. — Every night pain in bowels before stool.

Well-marked tenesmus. — Purging of watery, flaky, foul-smelling stools, followed by vomiting in a few hours. — Stools copious, greyish, putrid-smelling.

Frequent efforts to urinate; only passes a few drops at a time. — Micturition painful from burning in urethra, constant desire, evacuation of only a few drops that colour linen yellow. — Urine: deep saffron yellow; thick, sulphur yellow; greenish. — Hæmoglobinuria.

Coughed incessantly all night from tickling in larynx and trachea. — Breath: rapid, sighing; quick and catchy; rattling.

Paralysis of lungs; artificial respiration had to be resorted to.

Pulse: quick and full; rapid; lowered; l. absent, r. soft and steady.

Spasms of limbs. — Twitching of hands and feet.

Convulsive jerking of upper limbs.

Gait unsteady and tottering; staggered.

Most violent convulsions, unconscious, head hot, face flushed, purplish. — Spasm begins in face and spreads to extremities. — Partial paralysis of one (l.) side. — Great restlessness; prostration.

Urticaria; with œdema of nose, lips, and eyelids; over almost entire lids, with vomiting.

Sleepy, tired. — Sleep restless. — Sleep disturbed, woke unrefreshed with sickness, frontal headache, and deficient appetite.

Whole body icy cold; lips and ears blue, face white as snow. — Limbs cold, very clammy coldness crept upward in spite of wraps. — Violent fever, very rapid pulse, burning heat of skin, face puffy, eyes brilliant, fixed. — Heat about head, < every afternoon and evening. — Cold sweats. — Hot sweat in occiput, more clammy in front.

A solution is made with alcohol (1 to 99).

A narcotic poison, producing unconsciousness, generally with convulsions, collapse, feeble respiration and pulse, free perspiration and sudden heart failure. ▶ The remarkable colored vision has been thought due to a coloring of the vitreous rather than to a specific action on the nerve fibres.

Trembled; and found it difficult to keep on my feet. ▶ Cramps. ▶ Convulsions; of limbs and face; beginning in face and extending to limbs, also affecting respiration, the irritation seemed to be in third to seventh nerves, pupils dilated; with unconsciousness, head hot, face purplish; unconsciousness, head hot, face bloated and violent, eyes rolling convulsively, pupils dilated and insensible, foam before mouth, jaws drawn together, snoring and convulsions of limbs; general, with unconsciousness, staring eyes, red, hot face, pupils dilated, agg. left, and insensible, pulse rapid, weak and irregular, limbs and face constantly convulsed; more like tetanus, throwing head back, eyes rolling, face distorted, body sometimes nearly curved, with legs turned back, in the intervals grasping at everything, gnawing of fingers; clonic, without warning, beginning at left angle of mouth and spreading over left side of face, then similar spasms in right arm beginning in fingers, later in left side of face and left arm, leaving fibrillary twitching of left angle of mouth and eyelid, two more convulsive attacks on the same evening, in one of which respiration threatened to stop through the heart was beating strongly and pulse was normal, two or three similar fits daily for the next four or five days; clonic, of side of fact at 4 P.M., beginning with twitching and distortion of corner of mouth, and then going into left orbital muscles, at first simultaneous twitching of both bulbi, the convulsion turning to the left, pupils dilated, agg. left, after a few minutes clonic C. of left arm beginning in fingers and going up whole arm, voice quavering at beginning of fit, stopped after ten minutes, after fifteen minutes a second C. of left side of face and arm, later only fibrillary twitchings at left corner of mouth and left eyelids, left pupil dilated longer than right, then contraction of both and then normal state, after the fit complete euphonia, at 5.30 a similar attack, at 7 P.M. spasm began in left side of face and left arm, then left leg, voice quavering and indistinct, eyes staring towards the left, with dilated pupils, voice gone, at 8 P.M. twitchings of abdominal and thoracic muscles, then right side of face convulsed and eyeballs turned towards right, trismus, heart's action strong, stridor, artificial respiration, without it breathing was uncertain and at long intervals, spontaneous stool, then vomiting, then short clonic fits of right leg, while spasms of left leg was slighter, spasms repeated next day.

Malaise. ▶ Restlessness; as soon as the child lay down at night; with moaning, afterwards coma. ▶ Necessity to lie down. ▶ Weakness. ▶ Faint feeling. ▶ Collapse in morning. ▶ Partial paralysis of one side of the child, the hand appearing like induration of cellular tissue of the hand of an infant, the whole side blue, increasing till death. ▶ Amelioration in air and on motion.

It is said to have cured epilepsy.

Hyperæsthesia of the retina, then the sight becomes suddenly dim. ▶ Amblyopia. ▶ Retinal anæmia; after eating, the eyesight becomes suddenly dim, rubbing clears the eye for a few moments. ▶ After diphtheria, flashes of light, etc.

Chronic inflammation of the bladder, with incontinence of urine, or dysuria, emission of only few drops at a time, urine has a peculiar green color.

Delirium; during restless sleep. ▶ Excitement and inclination to laugh and dance. ▶ Hysterical laughter. ▶ Depression, with irresolution and lack of self-confidence, beginning with dullness and heaviness. ▶ Irritable, and restless, next day wanted everything, satisfied with nothing. ▶ Coma. ▶ Unconsciousness.

Turning and twisting, restless. ▶ Aching; in forehead. ▶ Dullness. ▶ Vertigo. ▶ Fulness in temples.

Surrounded by blue rings. ▶ Immovable and injected. ▶ Distorted. ▶ Rolled convulsively. ▶ Inclined to roll upward and have a sluggish motion. ▶ Pressure. ▶ Pupils dilated; and insensible; P. insensible. ▶ Pressure in supraorbital region.

Photophobia and lachrymation. ▶ Visions. ▶ Vision flickering. ▶ Objects seemed to totter and dance, and child saw various figures, cherries, animals, etc. ▶ Vision yellow; to light-colored objects, afterwards light and dark objects became yellow-green and red seemed violent; yellowish to the gas flame, chandeliers, fire and all white objects strongly illuminated; and misty. ▶ V. green; of the blue sky in the twilight; bright; yellowish; yellowish, to the white glass-globes and writing paper. ▶ V. violet. ▶ Could not recognize violet. ▶ The fire has a curious red color and the light outside a peculiar yellow. ▶ Carmine red looked fallow, brick-red bronze, Berlin blue-greenish. ▶ Red and blue are seen in their complimentary colors green and orange. ▶ Yellow egg-soup looked red and had a peculiar smell. ▶ The colors in some people's dressed were most vivid and shot up perpendicularly, and I had to quicken my pace to pass them.

Earache. ▶ Hallucinations of smell.

Pale; around mouth, agg. afternoon. ▶ Left cheek red; and right white. ▶ Yellowish. ▶ Swollen and purple. ▶ Pinched about mouth and nose in morning, with drawing in of lips over teeth. ▶ Twitching; agg. lips and lids. ▶ Lips red and swollen.

Teeth clenched. ▶ Frothing. ▶ Tongue deep red; T. dry; T. stiff. ▶ Stomatitis ulcerosa. ▶ Apparently burning pain, as she forces everything into her mouth. ▶ Hallucinations of taste.

Swelling of glands beginning nearly under centre of chin and spreading both ways, agg. towards left parotid, increasing so as to nearly prevent swallowing.

Appetite deficient. ▶ Thirst; continual, for ice-water, which she swallowed greedily, in morning. ▶ Eructations. ▶ Nausea; amel. cold water, with deathly feeling and thirst. ▶ Vomiting; with profuse diarrhœa; with purging and abdominal pains; with pain in stomach and abdomen; with pain in epigastrium; with epigastrium pressure, colic and diarrhœa, face sunken, bluish circles around eyes, body cold and covered with sweat; of yellowish, slimy mucus from 11 P.M. till forenoon. ▶ After a spoonful of nourishment he choked, vomited blood and pus and died without a struggle. ▶ Pain in pit.

Tympanitic. ▶ Swollen, but soft. ▶ Rumbling. ▶ Commotion, waking him at midnight, with general sick feeling and desire for stool, stool with urging. ▶ Pain; every night before stool. ▶ Sensitive. ▶ Hot, full.

Tenesmus. ▶ Watery, flaky, offensive, every ten to fifteen minutes, diminishing at 10 A.M., then only three till after noon, but copious, grayish and smelling putrid.

Urging, and during micturition irritation and smarting, urine saffron-yellow, staining like bile, scanty, sp. gr. 1028, urea increased. ▶ Frequent micturition; efforts at, but only a few drops each time. ▶ Ischuria. ▶ Dysuria. ▶ Painful micturition on account of burning in urethra, with constant desire, only a few drops staining intensely yellow. ▶ M. involuntary and copious towards morning; involuntary, by drops, urine deep orange-colored, becoming blood-red by admixture of azotic acid.

Pale, copious, alkaline. ▶ Yellowish and scanty. ▶ Intensely yellow. ▶ Dark. ▶ Orange-colored. ▶ Saffron-colored and increased. ▶ Dark lemon-yellow, scanty, depositing dark yellow crystals of uric acid, nitric acid caused transient brownish-red color, alkalies caused an amaranth red color. ▶ Sulphur-yellow, thick, depositing a sulphur-yellow sediment, the urine above which was slightly greenish. ▶ Pinkish-red after standing. ▶ Turbid when voided, frequent and painful desire, urine scanty, dysury. ▶ Greenish; yellowish-green; light green and stained linen so that it could not be washed out; greenish-yellow, liquor ammonia caused a clear, red tint; green, becoming transiently purplish from nitric acid, but when sulphuric acid is added by drops it becomes reddish-brown, if a globule of potassium be dropped on the urine a bright red tract is left, if a few drops of liquor ammonia are poured down the side of the test tube a red zone will mark the junction of the two liquids, but potash is a more delicate reagent, the red alkaline fluid is not altered by boiling, but the color is destroyed by an acid, the subsequent addition of an alkali restores the color as before, bicarbonate of sodium causes no immediate change, but on boiling some time the reddish tint gradually develops and is discharged by continued boiling, carbonate of sodium gives similar results, except that it requires longer boiling before the color is discharged, phosphate of sodium gives no results, the red stratum soon subsides to lower part of test tube, carried down by the phosphates, prolonged exposure to light in contact with excess of alkali bleaches the color and chlorine at once dissipates it, when the red liquid is examined with the spectroscope the red, orange and yellow rays are transmitted, while the blue end is absorbed, in a more dilute state the red and blue rays are transmitted. ▶ Cherry-red when caustic potash is added, but no sugar is obtained with the copper test. ▶ A pint was treated with neutral acetate of lead and then filtered, to the filtrate, neutralized with potash, basic acetate of lead was added as long as any precipitate was formed and it became colorless, neutralized, filtered and washed, the yellow precipitate was transferred to a breaker and decomposed by dilute sulphuric acid, spirit of wine was added, and after twenty-four hours filtered, removed excess of sulphuric acid by barytic water, filtered, the clear fluid now gave the pink reaction with potash, but ammonia had no effect, the red alkaline filtrate gave a bulky precipitate with alum, and when this precipitate was filtered off neither the precipitate nor the filtrate afforded any color with potash, the liberated coloring substance did not combine with nitrate of silver, was not affected by corrosive sublimate, sulphocyanide of potassium, chloride of gold or bichromate of potassium, with persalts of iron it gave a rich, brown color.

Cough all night from tickling in larynx and windpipe. ▶ Respiration stertorous and broken; right embarrassed; rattling; rapid and sighing; rapid and catching; rapid, afterwards irregular and stertorous; light and at long intervals, and there was no desire to respire. ▶ Snoring. ▶ Symptoms of paralysis of lungs.

Rapid; and feeble; but easily compressed. ▶ Slow and small, but soft. ▶ Lowered. ▶ Gone on left side, thready and soft in right radial artery.

Flaccid. ▶ Spasms. ▶ Jerking of upper; of fingers; of hands and feet. ▶ Trembling. ▶ Gait tottering.

Blue. ▶ Subicteric color. ▶ Urticaria, with œdema of skin of nose, lips and lids; U. over greater part of body, with vomiting, after second dose a white wheal on nose, surrounded by an erythematous blush, and similar eruption rapidly covered the body, lips greatly swollen and viscid saliva issuing from them, eyes almost closed from swelling of lids, œdema and rash, amel. a warm bath.

Sleepy; and tired. ▶ Grating of teeth in sleep. ▶ Sleep restless. ▶ Disturbed, and I awoke unrefreshed, with sickness, frontal headache and deficient appetite. ▶ Troubled dreams.

Coldness; with blue lips and ears and white face; cool skin, agg. limbs; cold feet; feet and legs; limbs in morning, the clammy coldness creeping upward during the day. ▶ Fever all the afternoon; F., with rapid pulse, skin hot, face puffy, eyes red, brilliant, fixed. ▶ Hot head; agg. every afternoon and evening. ▶ Hot sweat on occiput, more clammy in front. ▶ Cold sweat; and viscous.